This paper introduces an extensive review for IPT systems in dynamic EV charging. There are three visions to realize wireless EV charging: (i) static, in which charging occurs while EV is in long-term parking (ii) dynamic (in-motion), which happens when EV is moving at high speed and (iii) quasi-dynamic, which can occur when EV is at transient stops or driving at low speed.
EV inductive charging is an exemplary option due to the related merits such as: automatic operation, safety in harsh climatic conditions, in-teroperability, and flexibility. It permits an EV to charge its energy storage system without any physical connections using magnetic coupling between inductive coils. Inductive power transfer (IPT) technology offers a promising solution for electric vehicle (EV) charging. These findings are combined with the results from the STAMP analysis to formulate a set of road infrastructure requirements that would lead to safe performance of Lane Assistance Systems. It has been also observed that there is a significant difference in Lane Position between Left Curves and Straight sections, and between lane widths less than 250 cms and those that have larger widths. It was found that visibility conditions have a significant effect on detection performance, which worsens in rainy conditions especially under streetlights. Empirical data from the experiment is used to estimate the relationships between the different components, followed by the assessment of their impact on the performance of the automated vehicles. In this study, the Systems Theoretic Accident Modelling and Processes (STAMP) model was adopted to understand the relationships between the various components of the “Road System”, which in this study include the road authority, the automated vehicle system, elements of the road infrastructure, and weather conditions. The performance of these automated systems was evaluated using performance indicators such as Mean Lateral Position and Standard Deviation of Lane Position. In this context, a field test with Lane Departure Warning and Lane Keeping Systems-enabled vehicles was conducted in the province of North Holland, The Netherlands. This requires a comprehensive understanding of the road infrastructure requirements that would lead to safe operation of automated vehicles. There is a pressing need for road authorities to take a proactive role in the deployment of automated vehicles on the existing road network. It calls for future research funding to deliver a comprehensive strategy that creates a next generation of road that can be adopted across Europe, rather than continue with the current hit-or-miss' approach to research. This Paper describes the Forever Open Road concept and its programme of research. Technology trials that support the concept are already underway, and planned research will lead to large-scale demonstration projects showing how the next generation road will work. It will take the best of existing and future technologies, fill the gaps to produce a solution suitable for all types of road, whether urban, rural or motorway.The Forever Open Road concept forms the flagship research programme of the Forum of European Highway Research Laboratories.
Open roads meaning how to#
It will demonstrate how to build and maintain roads where new technology can be easily accommodated and that are resilient to climate change. The Forever Open Road programme aims to create the next generation of road one which is adaptable, automated, and resilient. The generations' of road have, however, been few emerging from the track to the paved road, then the smooth road and onto the continuous road (motorway). The world's road network has taken thousands of years to develop.
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